In the 21st century, Armenian communities worldwide face significant challenges and transformations. The 2023 Azerbaijani military offensive led to the displacement of over 100,000 Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh, dramatically reducing the Armenian presence in the region. A 2024 report by Freedom House described this mass displacement as ethnic cleansing, involving the deliberate destruction of Armenian cultural heritage.

In Romania, the Armenian community remains active in cultural and political life. In the December 2024 parliamentary elections, the Union of Armenians of Romania secured 4,748 votes, retaining its seat in parliament with Varujan Pambuccian as its representative. Additionally, Romania celebrates the Day of the Armenian Language, Alphabet, and Culture annually on October 12, acknowledging the significance of Armenian heritage in the country.

To better understand Armenian identity in the diaspora, a global survey involving 13,000 Armenians was conducted, examining current challenges to Armenian identity. Language preservation is a major concern, as Western Armenian is considered endangered by UNESCO.